PWM

clc;
clear all;
close all;
F2=input('Message frequency=');
F1=input('Carrier Sawtooth frequency=');
A=5;
t=0:0.001:1;
c=A.*sawtooth(2*pi*F1*t);%Carrier sawtooth
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,c);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier sawtooth wave');
grid on;
m=0.75*A.*sin(2*pi*F2*t);%Message amplitude must be less than Sawtooth
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,m);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Message Signal');
grid on;
n=length(c);%Length of carrier sawtooth is stored to ‘n’
for i=1:n%Comparing Message and Sawtooth amplitudes
if (m(i)>=c(i))
    pwm(i)=1;
else
    pwm(i)=0;
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,pwm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('plot of PWM');
axis([0 1 0 2]);%X-Axis varies from 0 to 1 & Y-Axis from 0 to 2
grid on;

BFSK

clc;
clear all;
close all;
fc1=input('Enter carrier frequency for binary 1: ');
fc2=input('Enter carrier frequency for binary 0: ');
fs=input('Enter sampling frequency: ');
bs=input('Enter bit sequence: ');
L1=length(bs);
I=[];
for i=1:L1
    I=[I bs(i)*ones(1,fs)];
end
L2=length(I);
t=(10/L2):(10/L2):10;
C1=sin(2*pi*fc1*t);
C2=sin(2*pi*fc2*t);
BFSK=[];
for i=1:L2
    if I(i)==1
        BFSK=[BFSK C1(i)];
    else
        BFSK=[BFSK C2(i)];
    end
end
R=[];
for l=1:length(BFSK)
    if BFSK(l)==C1(l)
        R=[R 0];
    elseif BFSK(l)==C2(l)
        R=[R 1];
    end
end
subplot(5,1,1); plot(t,I);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Levels'); title('Bit sequence');
subplot(5,1,2); plot(t,C1);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Carrier wave for binary 1');
subplot(5,1,3); plot(t,C2);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Carrier wave for binary 0');
subplot(5,1,4); plot(t,BFSK);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('BFSK signal');
subplot(5,1,5); plot(t,R);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Levels'); title('Demodulated signal'); 

BPSK

clc;
clear all;
close all;
fc=input('fc=');
fs=input('fs=');
bit=input('Bit sequence=');
L1=length(bit);
I=[];
for i=1:L1
    I=[I bit(i)*ones(1,fs)];
end
L2=length(I);
t=(10/L2):(10/L2):10;
subplot(5,1,1); plot(t,I);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Level'); title('Bit sequence');
I(I==0)=-1;
C=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
BPSK=I.*C;
DPSK=BPSK.*C;
L3=length(BPSK);
r=[];
for i=1:L3
    if DPSK(i)>0
        r=[r 1];
    else
        r=[r 0];
    end
end
subplot(5,1,2); plot(t,I);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Level'); title('Bit sequence');
subplot(5,1,3); plot(t,C);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Carrier signal');
subplot(5,1,4); plot(t,BPSK);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('BPSK signal');
subplot(5,1,5); plot(t,r);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Level'); title('Original sequence');

BASK

clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs=input('fs=');
fc=input('fc=');
bs=input('Bit sequence=');
L=length(bs);
A=[];
for i=1:L
    A=[A bs(i)*ones(1,fs)];
end
L1=length(A);
t=(10/L1):(10/L1):10;
C=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
BASK=C.*A;
subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,A); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Level');
title('Bit sequence');
subplot(2,2,2); plot(t,C); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier signal');
subplot(2,2,3); plot(t,BASK); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('BASK Signal');
L2=length(BASK);
r=[];
for i=1:(L2/fs)
    if sum(abs(BASK((i-1)*fs+1:i*fs)),2)
        r=[r ones(1,fs)];
    else
        r=[r zeros(1,fs)];
    end
end
subplot(2,2,4); plot(t,r); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Level');
title('Demodulated bit sequence')

FREQUENCY MODULATION

fs=input('enter the value of sampling frequency'); fc=input('enter the value of carrier frequency'); fm=input('enter the value of modulating frequency'); t=0:(1/fs):2; m=10;

X=sin(2*pi*fm*t);

C=sin(2*pi*fc*t);

FM=sin((2*pi*fc*t)+m*sin(2*pi*fm*t)); subplot(3,1,1); plot(t,X); xlabel('time'); ylabel('frequency'); title('modulating signal'); subplot(3,1,2); plot(t,C); xlabel('time'); ylabel('frequency'); title('carrier signal'); subplot(3,1,3); plot(t,FM); xlabel('time'); ylabel('frequency'); title('frequency modulated signal'); 

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

fs=input('enter the value of sampling frequency'); fc=input('enter the value of carrier frequency'); fm=input('enter the value of modulating frequency'); t=0:(1/fs):2;

A=cos(2*pi*fm*t); m1=1; opt=(-1)/m1;

AM=modulate(A,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt); AM3=demod(AM,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt); m2=0.9; opt=(-1)/m2;

AM1=modulate(A,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt); AM4=demod(AM1,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt); m3=1; opt=(-1)/m3;

AM2=modulate(A,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt); AM5=demod(AM2,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt);

subplot(3,3,1); plot(t,A); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulating signal'); subplot(3,3,2); plot(t,AM); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('AM for m=1 signal'); subplot(3,3,3); plot(t,AM1); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('AM for m<1 signal'); subplot(3,3,4); plot(t,AM2); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('AM for m>1 signal'); subplot(3,3,5); plot(t,AM3); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('demodulating signal for m=1');

subplot(3,3,6); plot(t,AM4); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('demodulating signal for m<1');

subplot(3,3,7); plot(t,AM5); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('demodulating signal for m>1'); 

PROGRAM TO CREATE HOUSE STRUCTURE WITH APPLET

import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.*; 

public class House extends Applet {

            public void paint(Graphics g) {

                        g.drawLine(100,10,10,90);

                        g.drawLine(100,10,400,10);

                        g.drawLine(400,10,490,90);

                        g.drawLine(10,90,490,90);

                        g.drawLine(60,90,60,270);

                        g.drawLine(435,90,435,270);

                        g.drawLine(130,150,130,270);

                        g.drawLine(200,150,200,270);

                        g.drawLine(130,150,200,150);

                        g.drawLine(280,150,280,210);

                        g.drawLine(350,150,350,210);

                        g.drawLine(280,150,350,150);

                        g.drawLine(280,210,350,210);

            }

}

/*<applet code=House.class width=500 height=500></applet>*/

PROGRAM TO CREATE AND DISPLAY YOUR NAME ON SCREEN WITH APPLET

import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.*;

/*

<applet code="Display.class" width=600 height=400 />

*/

public class Display extends Applet {

            public void init() {

                        setBackground(Color.white);

                        setFont(new Font("Dialog",Font.BOLD,30));

            }

            public void paint(Graphics g) {

                        g.drawString("YOGI DADA SHINDE",100,100);

            }

}

program to print 1A2B3C4D5E6F7G8H9I10J

class A extends Thread {

            public void run() {

                        int i;

                        for(i=1;i<=10;i++) {

                                    System.out.print(i);    

                                    try {

                                                sleep(1000);

                                    } catch(Exception e){}

                        }

            }

}

class B extends Thread {

            public void run() {

                        int i;

                        for(i=65;i<=74;i++) {

                                    System.out.print((char)i);

                                    try {

                                                sleep(1000);

                                    } catch(Exception e){}

                        }

            }

}

class Multithread {

            public static void main(String args[]) {

                        A t1=new A();

                        B t2=new B ();

                        t1.start();

                        t2.start();

            }

}

Program to show Multithreading using thread class

import java.util.*;

import java.util.Scanner;

class  Print_Numerics extends Thread

{

 Thread t;

 Print_Numerics()

 {

  super();

 }

 public void run()

 {

   for(int  i=1;i<=10;i++)

    {

     if(i%2!=0)

     {System.out.println(i);}

    }

  }

}

class E10A

{

 public static void main(String args[])

 {

  Print_Numerics ob1 = new Print_Numerics();

  Print_Numerics ob2 = new Print_Numerics();

  ob1.start();

  ob2.start();

 }

}

OUPUT

F:\java program\OOPM>javac E10A.java

F:\java program\OOPM>java E10A

1

3

5

7

9

1

3

5

7

9

user defined exception

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

class Login extends Exception {

            Login(String Message) {

                        super(Message);

            }

}

class Authentication {

            public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

                        Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

                        String password1="Program";

                        String password2;

                        System.out.print("Enter the password = ");

                        password2=sc.nextLine();

                        try {

                                    if(password1.equals(password2))

                                                System.out.println("Password Correct.");

                                    else {

                                                Login f1=new Login("Incorrect Password.");

                                                throw f1;

                                    }

                        } catch(Login e) {

                                    System.out.print(e);

                        }

            }

}

Program to implement multiple inheritance

import java.util.*;

import java.util.Scanner;

interface Sports_marks

{  final int sm=10;

    public void display();

}

class  Student

{     int id;

      String name,dept;

       void get_data(int id,String name,String dept)

 {     this.id=id;

        this.name=name;

         this.dept=dept;

 }

}

Class  Marks extends Student

{    int m1,m2;

     void get_marks(int m1,int m2)

     {  this.m1=m1; this.m2=m2;}

}

class Result extends Marks implements Sports_marks

{      public void display()

     {

        System.out.print("\nName- "+name+"\nRoll-no= "+id+"\nDepartment "+dept);

        System.out.print("\nMarks ="+(m1+m2+sm));

}

}

class E8

{

 public static void main(String args[])

 {

  int a,b,c; String name = new String(); String dept = new String();

  Result q = new Result();

  System.out.println("Enter your Name,Department,Roll-no and marks for subject 1 and 2");

  Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

  name=s.nextLine();

  dept=s.next();

  a=s.nextInt();

  b=s.nextInt();

  c=s.nextInt();

  q.get_data(a,name,dept);

  q.get_marks(b,c);

  q.display();

 }

}

OUTPUT

F:\java program\OOPM>javac E8.java

F:\java program\OOPM>java E8

Enter your Name,Department,Roll-no and marks for subject 1 and 2

DONALD

COMPUTERS

24

43

45

Name- DONALD

Roll-no= 24

Department COMPUTERS

Marks =98

Program to calculate volume of sphere using multilevel inheritance demonstrating method overriding

import   java.util.Scanner;

import  java.util.*;

interface supz

{final double pi=3.14; public void display();}

class Data

{

 double r;

 public void gdata()

 {

  System.out.println("Enter Radius");

  Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

  r=s.nextFloat();

 }

}

class Area extends Data

{

 double area;

 public void aclc()

 {area = r*r*3.14;}

 public void display()

 {System.out.println("Area of Circle= "+area);}

}

class  Volume extends Area implements supz

{

 double v;

 public void vclc()

 {v=(4*r*r*r*pi)/3;}

 public void display()

 {super.display(); System.out.println("Volume of Sphere= "+v);}

}

class E7B

{

 public static void main(String args[])

 {

  Volume v = new Volume();

  v.gdata(); v.aclc(); v.vclc();

  v.display();

 }

}

OUTPUT

F:\java program\OOPM>javac E7B.java

F:\java program\OOPM>java E7B

Enter Radius

5

Area of Circle= 78.5

Volume of Sphere= 523.3333333333334

Program to implement single inheritance using super keyword

class Box

{

float width,length;

Box()

{

width=0;

length=0;

}

Box(float w,float l)

{

width=w;

length=l;

}

Box(Box ob)

{

width=ob.width;

length=ob.length;

}

void area()

{

System.out.println("Area is: "+(width*length));

}

}

class BigBox extends Box

{

float depth;

BigBox()

{

super(0,0);

depth=0;

}

BigBox(Box ob,float d)

{

super(ob);

depth=d;

}

void volume()

{

System.out.println("Volume is: "+(width*length*depth));

}

}

class SuperEx

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

Box b=new Box(1.5f,2.5f);

BigBox bb=new BigBox(b,3.5f);

bb.area();

bb.volume();

}

}

OUTPUT:

C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin>java SuperEx

Area is: 3.75

Volume is: 13.125

Program on vector manipulation

import java.util.*;

class VectorEx

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

Vector list=new Vector();

list.add(10);

list.insertElementAt(20,0);

list.insertElementAt(30,1);

list.add("Hello World!");

if(list.isEmpty()==true)

System.out.println("List is empty.");

else

System.out.println("List is not empty.");

System.out.println("List is: "+list);

System.out.println("First element is: "+list.firstElement());

System.out.println("Last element is: "+list.lastElement());

System.out.println("List size is: "+list.size());

System.out.println("Element at location 1: "+list.elementAt(1));

list.removeElementAt(1);

System.out.println("Removed element: 30");

System.out.println("List is: "+list);

}

}

OUTPUT:

C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin>java VectorEx

List is not empty.

List is: [20, 30, 10, Hello World!]

First element is: 20

Last element is: Hello World!

List size is: 4

Element at location 1: 30

Removed element: 30

List is: [20, 10, Hello World!]

Program on constructor overloading

import java.util.Scanner;

class complex

{

float x,y;

complex()

{

x=0;

y=0;

}

complex(float r,float i)

{

x=r;

y=i;

}

void show()

{

System.out.println("Sum is "+x+"+i"+y);

}

void sum(complex c1,complex c2)

{

x=c1.x+c2.x;

y=c1.y+c2.y;

}

}

class ComplexEx

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

float x,y;

Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter real and imaginary parts of first complex number:");

x=s.nextFloat();

y=s.nextFloat();

complex a=new complex(x,y);

System.out.println("Enter real and imaginary parts of second complex number:");

x=s.nextFloat();

y=s.nextFloat();

complex b=new complex(x,y);

complex c=new complex();

c.sum(a,b);

c.show();

}

}

OUTPUT:

C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin>java ComplexEx

Enter real and imaginary parts of first complex number:

1 4

Enter real and imaginary parts of second complex number:

5 6

Sum is 6.0+i10.0

Program on method overloading

class areaCalc

{

void area(int l)

{

System.out.println("Area of square is: "+(l*l));

}

void area(float r)

{

System.out.println("Area of circle is: "+(3.14*r*r));

}

void area(int l,int b)

{

System.out.println("Area of rectangle is: "+(l*b));

}

void area(float b,float h)

{

System.out.println("Area of triangle is: "+(0.5*b*h));

}

}

class poly

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

areaCalc ac=new areaCalc();

ac.area(30);

ac.area(10.5f);

ac.area(10,20);

ac.area(5.6f,7.8f);

}

}

OUTPUT: 5A

C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin>java poly

Area of square is: 900

Area of circle is: 346.185

Area of rectangle is: 200

Area of triangle is: 21.84000016212462

Program on operations of the String class

import java.util.Scanner;

public class StringOps

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);

String a=new String();

String b=new String();

System.out.println("Enter two strings:");

a=s.nextLine();

b=s.nextLine();

String c=new String();

c=a.concat(b);

System.out.println("Concatenated string is: "+c);

if(a.compareToIgnoreCase(b)>0)

System.out.println(a+ " is bigger than "+b);

else

System.out.println(b+ " is bigger than "+a);

System.out.println(a + " in uppercase is "+a.toUpperCase());

System.out.println(b + " in uppercase is "+b.toUpperCase());

if(a.equals(b)==true)

System.out.println("Using equals function: True");

else

System.out.println("Using equals function: False");

if(a==b)

System.out.println("Normal '==' condition: True");

else

System.out.println("Normal '==' condition: False");

}

}

OUTPUT:

C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin>java StringOps

Enter two strings:

foo

foo

Concatenated string is: foofoo

foo is bigger than foo

foo in uppercase is FOO

foo in uppercase is FOO

Using equals function: True

Normal '==' condition: False

Program to check whether a string is palindrome or not

import java.util.Scanner;

class StringEx

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);

String ex=new String();

Boolean pal=true;

System.out.println("Enter a string:");

ex=s.nextLine();

for(int i=0;i<(ex.length()/2);i++)

if(ex.charAt(i)!=ex.charAt(ex.length()-i-1))

{

pal=false;

break;

}

if(pal==true)

System.out.println("The string is a palindrome.");

else

System.out.println("The string is not a palindrome.");

}

}

OUTPUT:

C:\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin>java StringEx

Enter a string:

malayalam

The string is a palindrome.

Program to demonstrate classes, objects and methods

import java.util.Scanner;

class Circle {

  double radius,area;

 

  void setData(double x) {

    radius=x;

  }

 

  void calculate() {

    area=3.14*radius*radius;

    System.out.println("Area is: "+area);

  }

}

class CircleEx {

  public static void main(String args[]) {

    double x;

    Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

    Circle c=new Circle();

    System.out.print("Enter radius of circle: ");

    x=sc.nextDouble();

    c.setData(x);

    c.calculaute();

  }

}

OUTPUT:

C:\jdk1.7.0\bin>java CircleEx

Enter radius of circle: 1

Area is: 3.14

Program for sequential search

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SeqSearch {

  public static void main(String args[]) {

    Scanner takeIn=new Scanner(System.in);

    int size;

    System.out.print("Enter the number of elements: ");

    size=takeIn.nextInt();

    int a[]=new int[size];

    System.out.println("Enter the elements:");

    for(int i=0;i<size;i++)

      a[i]=takeIn.nextInt();

    System.out.print("Enter the element to be searched: ");

    int x,i=-1;

    x=takeIn.nextInt();

    while(++i<size)

      if(a[i]==x) {

        System.out.println(String.format("Element %d found at location %d",x,i+1));

        break;

      }

    if(i==size)

      System.out.println(String.format("%d not found",x));

  }

}

OUTPUT:

C:\jdk1.7.0\bin>java SeqSearch

Enter the number of elements: 5

Enter the elements:

10 20 30 40 50

Enter the element to be searched: 40

Element 40 found at location 4

Program for printing Fibonacci series

import java.util.Scanner;

class fibonacci {

  public static void main(String args[]) {

    int i,n,a=0,b=1,c;

    Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

    System.out.print("Enter the number of fibonacci terms: ");

    n=sc.nextInt();

    System.out.println("0\n1");

    for(i=0;i<n-2;i++) {

      c=a+b;

      System.out.println(c);

      a=b;

      b=c;

    }

  }

}

OUTPUT:

C:\jdk1.7.0\bin>java fibonacci

Enter the number of fibonacci terms: 10

0

1

1

2

3

5

8

13

21

34